Binding constants (Kd, kon, and koff) lend valuable insight to:

• Drug discovery and diagnostics

• Antibody engineering

• Biology and molecular biology

• Studies of environmental contaminants

• Testing for trace elements in food products such as milk

KinExA systems measure these binding constants to characterize biomolecular binding events in the solution phase. KinExA technology provides accurate measurements of "binding affinities" (how strong the binding is) and "binding kinetics" or "rate constants" (how fast binding occurs).

Why study binding events?

Binding events are studied to gain information about biological processes, monitor manufacturing processes, and perform quantitative analyses. A few applications of binding studies are listed below.

What information does the study of binding events produce?

• How much active binding component is present in the sample (KinExA provides this information as the molar concentration of active binding sites)

• How fast binding occurs ("binding kinetics" or "rate constants")

• How strong binding between molecules is ("binding affinity")

• How specific binding is.

Who uses KinExA systems?

• KinExA systems are currently used by pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, and government agencies.

Why use KinExA systems?

True solution phase measurements

KinExA technology measures binding events in the solution phase, not binding events between a solution phase and a solid phase. Measuring binding events in the solution phase avoids mass transport limitations and mobility effects inherent to methods which measure binding events between a solution phase and a solid phase.

Measurement to unmodified molecules

While most methods for measuring binding events require at least one reactant be modified through immobilization or labeling, the KinExA method does not require modification of molecules under study. With KinExA, the reaction being measured occurs between unmodified molecules in solution. Therefore, concerns of how modification alters "native" binding reactions are eliminated.

Sensitivity

The KinExA method allows a wider range of binding constants to be measured than other methods currently available. Binding affinities as tight as 10-13 M, on-rates as fast as 109 M -1s -1, and off-rates as slow as 10-7 can be measured accurately.

Accuracy

The KinExA software performs data analyses which are based on exact solutions to classic binding equations (Kd Mathematics), not pseudo first-order approximations. KinExA does not require arbitrary data manipulations or range selections.

Easy to Use

KinExA experiments are easy to set up and run automatically, without user intervention.